I shall never forget this lesson learnt by heart at primary school when I was eight: My Village: “My village is surrounded by a bamboo hedge which hides its houses from view. One enters it through a brick gate. Most houses are thatch huts. Each house, encircled by a bamboo hedge, has a courtyard, a garden and in many cases a pond. In the garden they grow vegetables, sweet potato, and fruit trees. Besides a little road crossing the village there are only narrow lanes. For some time now they have been paved with bricks, which has made them cleaner. Formerly, whenever it rained, it was very unpleasant to use them because one had to walk in the mud”. To complete the picture, one must add the presence of the market, the communal house, the pagoda, the small open- air shrines dedicated to Confucius and prominent Scholars (Van Chi) as well as to various spirits.

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The bamboo hedge, in some cases reinforced by an earth embankment and a moat, turns the small rural community into a green islet in the middle of a sea of rice fields. It protects the villagers against bandits as well as typhoons, and supplies materials for the repair or construction of temples, bridges, markets and other public works. It usually has four gates (north, south, east, west), sometimes fewer, which are closed at nightfall by guards. Before the main en trance, banyan or ceiba trees cast refreshing shade where farmers returning from the fields or travellers can rest while drinking a cup of tea at a stall nestled among them. One may visualize in this way a village in the delta of north Vietnam, the cradle of the nation. It has kept many of these traditional traits in spite of changes brought about by western influence and urbanization. Topographically, there are four types of villages. The riparian village generally stretches behind the dike, which serves also as a road, on a higher level than the rice fields around them. It is often submerged by flood waters, especially if it is located between the river and the dyke.

The village in the swampy lowlands extends between the major stream and its effluence, Is built on raised ground for in the flood season the fields are under water. The village in the uplands is built on a hill slope near a river or forest stream here the population is sparse, the land not very fertile.

The coastal village sits on or among sand dunes. The sandy land had been turned into arable land. The dense population owns relatively big houses with garden and orchard. The topography of the different types of villages is determined by the cultivation of wet rice in submerged fields which had forced the Viet (the majority ethnic group in Vietnam)

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To leave the piedmont to settle in the plains, in their southward advance – as far as the Mekong delta in the 17th century - the Viet villages had dispersed.

The southern village (in the Mekong delta), although born of the northern village (in the Red River delta), has, through a kind of mitosis become different from it in many respects. Going into sparsely populated wild regions, the first settlers famished peasants, soldiers of farming colonies, adventurers, and political refugees from China - began by establishing themselves on raised strips of alluvial land (con giong) before building new villages on lowlands along the multitude of channels, called “arroyos” by the Spanish. Most communities is thus spread along waterways or roads. They had no bamboo hedges, were not isolated from each other, and were often quite close together.

Compared with northern villages they were young communities and had a heterogeneous population, including Chinese, Cham, and Khmer minorities. The people are not bound by strict age –old traditions. Fertile land and a mild climate spare them the toil and suffering which have for long been the lot of their brothers in the Red river delta. All this has led to a “southern” mentality, with which we shall deal with later on.

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